Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Abstract Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

Resumo A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Abstract Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

Resumo A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Diseño y validación de una lista de intercambio de alimentos peruanos para la confección de dietas y planificación de menús / Design and validation of a peruvian food exchange list for meal planning

Objetivo: La finalidad del estudio fue diseñar y validar una lista de intercambio de alimentos peruanos (LIA) para la confección de dietas y planificación de menús. Material y métodos: Se tomó como base la metodología para diseñar listas de intercambio descrita en trabajos previos, desarrollándose en seis fases realizadas en múltiples intervenciones en laboratorio, en donde se evaluaron 273 alimentos, que fueron estudiados a través de un análisis descriptivo cualitativo. Se realizó una validación con 12 nutricionistas que elaboraron un plan nutricional y luego se comparó la composición nutricional obtenida usando la tabla peruana de composición de alimentos 2017 (TPCA) con la composición nutricional aplicando LIA. Para la comparación de métodos se aplicó la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Se elaboró una lista de intercambio de alimentos peruanos (LIA) que incluyó 273 alimentos categorizados en siete grupos de intercambio. Se estimó la media del aporte de energía y macronutrientes por cada grupo de intercambio y se compiló un álbum fotográfico con las porciones de intercambio. Respecto a la validación de la LIA, en la comparación de la cantidad de energía, carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas de los planes alimentarios usando TPCA versus LIA no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Conclusión: Se obtuvo una LIA válida que permite la confección y planificación de dietas de forma eficiente, dentro de un margen de error adecuado, se recomiendan nuevos estudios que incorporen otras poblaciones más específicas y nuevos alimentos.(AU)

Objective: The purpose of the study was to design andvalidate a Peruvian food portions exchange list (LIA) for thepreparation of diets and menu planning. Methodology: The methodology for designing exchangelists described in previous studies was used as a basis, devel-oped in six phases carried out in multiple laboratory interven-tions, where 273 foods were evaluated and studied through aqualitative descriptive analysis. A validation was performedwith 12 nutritionists who elaborated a nutritional plan andthen the nutritional composition obtained using the Peruviantable of food composition 2017 (TPCA) was compared withthe nutritional composition applying LIA. For the comparisonof methods, the Wilcoxon test was applied. Results: A Peruvian food exchange list (LIA) was devel-oped that included 273 foods categorized into seven ex-change groups. The mean energy and macronutrient intakefor each exchange group was estimated and a photographicalbum was compiled with the exchange portions. Regardingthe validation of the LIA, in the comparison of the amount ofenergy, carbohydrates, proteins and fats of the meal plans us-ing TPCA versus LIA no significant differences were found. Conclusion: A valid LIA was obtained that allows thepreparation and planning of diets in an efficient way, withinan adequate margin of error, new studies incorporating othermore specific populations and new foods are recommended.(AU)

Evaluación del consumo de macronutrientes y micronutrientes por individuos prediabéticos / Evaluation of consumption of macronutrients and micronutrients by pre-diabetic individuals

Resumen Introducción La alimentación es una importante estrategia para el control de la glucemia, así como para reducir/eliminar el riesgo del desarrollo de la diabetes. Objetivo Este artículo evaluó el consumo de macronutrientes y micronutrientes de individuos prediabéticos de Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil. Método El consumo de nutrientes se ha determinado en el programa DietWin® y la prevalencia de adecuación de los macronutrientes fue clasificada según la Sociedad Brasileña de Diabetes y la ingesta inadecuada de micronutrientes por la Dietary Reference Intake. Resultados Los prediabéticos presentaron consumo excesivo de proteínas y grasas totales (28,1% y 31,6%, respectivamente), así como de ácidos grasos saturados y colesterol (91,2% y 35,1%, respectivamente). La ingesta de fibras se presentó insuficiente en 93%. Considerando el consumo de micronutrientes, la vitamina D, el calcio y el selenio se presentaron con una insuficiencia de más del 80%. Conclusión La dieta habitual de individuos prediabéticos demuestra ser excesiva en proteínas y en grasas totales que, relacionado al consumo excesivo de ácidos grasos saturados y colesterol, puede aumentar el riesgo cardiovascular. Esto, junto a la ingestión pobre en fibras e inadecuada en algunos micronutrientes, tales como vitamina D, calcio y selenio pueden afectar el control de la glucemia de estos individuos.

Abstract: Background The diet is an important strategy for glycemic control as well as reducing/eliminating the risk of developing diabetes. Objective This article evaluated the consumption of macronutrients and micronutrients of pre-diabetic individuals from Santa Cruz do Sul, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Method The nutrients intake was determined in the DietWin® program and the evaluation of the prevalence of adequacy macronutrients was classified according to Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Diabetes and the evaluation of inadequacy of the micronutrients intake by Dietary Reference Intake were used. Results The pre-diabetic individuals had excessive protein and total fat intake (28.1% and 31.6%, respectively), as well as saturated fatty acids and cholesterol (91.2% and 35.1%, respectively). The fibers intake in this population showed an inadequacy of 93.0%. Considering the micronutrients intakes, vitamin D, calcium and selenium presented an insufficiency greater than 80.0%. Conclusion The usual diet of pre-diabetic individuals showed to be excessive for proteins and total fats, which associated with excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, can increase cardiovascular risk. This, coupled with inadequate consumption of some micronutrients such as vitamin D, calcium and selenium and low fiber can affect the control of glycemia in these individuals.

Root deformation affects mineral nutrition but not leaf gas exchange and growth of Genipa americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding / A deformação de raízes afeta a nutrição mineral mas não as trocas gasosas foliares e o crescimento de mudas de Genipa americana durante a fase de recuperação após o alagamento do solo

Root deformation (RD) caused by errors in the pricking out process are irreversible and very difficult to detect in container-grown seedlings at the time of planting in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of RD on leaf gas exchange, growth, biomass allocation and mineral nutrition of G. americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding. Four-months-old seedlings, with and without RD, were flooded for 42 days and their recovery was evaluated 28 days after soil drainage. There were no significant interactions between RD and soil flooding for all leaf gas exchange, growth and mineral nutrition after soil drainage, with the exception of leaf P concentrations. In plants with no RD, the P concentration in leaves of non-flooded plants was significantly higher than that of plants with RD. Soil flooding and RD did not influence leaf or root N concentrations or whole-plant N content. RD increased the K concentration in the roots, but not in the leaves. Changes in the nutrient concentrations in leaves and roots indicate that RD may affect physiological performance of seedlings after planting in the field.

A deformação da raiz (RD) causada por erros no processo de repicagem é irreversível e difícil de detectar em mudas produzidas em embalagens no momento do plantio no campo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do RD nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento, alocação de biomassa e nutrição mineral de mudas de G. americana na fase de recuperação após o alagamento do solo. Mudas com quatro meses de idade, com e sem RD, foram alagadas por 42 dias e a sua recuperação foi avaliada 28 dias após a drenagem do solo. Não houve interação significativa entre RD e alagamento do solo nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento e nutrição mineral após a drenagem, com exceção das concentrações de P foliar. Em plantas sem RD, a concentração de P nas folhas de plantas não alagadas foi significativamente maior que a das plantas com RD. O alagamento do solo e a RD não influenciaram as concentrações de N nas folhas e raízes, e no conteúdo de N na planta inteira. A RD aumentou a concentração de K nas raízes, mas não nas folhas. Alterações nas concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e raízes indicam que a RD pode afetar o desempenho fisiológico das mudas após o plantio no campo.

Root deformation affects mineral nutrition but not leaf gas exchange and growth of Genipa americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding

Abstract Root deformation (RD) caused by errors in the pricking out process are irreversible and very difficult to detect in container-grown seedlings at the time of planting in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of RD on leaf gas exchange, growth, biomass allocation and mineral nutrition of G. americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding. Four-months-old seedlings, with and without RD, were flooded for 42 days and their recovery was evaluated 28 days after soil drainage. There were no significant interactions between RD and soil flooding for all leaf gas exchange, growth and mineral nutrition after soil drainage, with the exception of leaf P concentrations. In plants with no RD, the P concentration in leaves of non-flooded plants was significantly higher than that of plants with RD. Soil flooding and RD did not influence leaf or root N concentrations or whole-plant N content. RD increased the K concentration in the roots, but not in the leaves. Changes in the nutrient concentrations in leaves and roots indicate that RD may affect physiological performance of seedlings after planting in the field.

Resumo A deformação da raiz (RD) causada por erros no processo de repicagem é irreversível e difícil de detectar em mudas produzidas em embalagens no momento do plantio no campo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do RD nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento, alocação de biomassa e nutrição mineral de mudas de G. americana na fase de recuperação após o alagamento do solo. Mudas com quatro meses de idade, com e sem RD, foram alagadas por 42 dias e a sua recuperação foi avaliada 28 dias após a drenagem do solo. Não houve interação significativa entre RD e alagamento do solo nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento e nutrição mineral após a drenagem, com exceção das concentrações de P foliar. Em plantas sem RD, a concentração de P nas folhas de plantas não alagadas foi significativamente maior que a das plantas com RD. O alagamento do solo e a RD não influenciaram as concentrações de N nas folhas e raízes, e no conteúdo de N na planta inteira. A RD aumentou a concentração de K nas raízes, mas não nas folhas. Alterações nas concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e raízes indicam que a RD pode afetar o desempenho fisiológico das mudas após o plantio no campo.

Root deformation affects mineral nutrition but not leaf gas exchange and growth of Genipa americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding / A deformação de raízes afeta a nutrição mineral mas não as trocas gasosas foliares e o crescimento de mudas de Genipa americana durante a fase de recuperação após o alagamento do solo

Root deformation (RD) caused by errors in the pricking out process are irreversible and very difficult to detect in container-grown seedlings at the time of planting in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of RD on leaf gas exchange, growth, biomass allocation and mineral nutrition of G. americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding. Four-months-old seedlings, with and without RD, were flooded for 42 days and their recovery was evaluated 28 days after soil drainage. There were no significant interactions between RD and soil flooding for all leaf gas exchange, growth and mineral nutrition after soil drainage, with the exception of leaf P concentrations. In plants with no RD, the P concentration in leaves of non-flooded plants was significantly higher than that of plants with RD. Soil flooding and RD did not influence leaf or root N concentrations or whole-plant N content. RD increased the K concentration in the roots, but not in the leaves. Changes in the nutrient concentrations in leaves and roots indicate that RD may affect physiological performance of seedlings after planting in the field.

A deformação da raiz (RD) causada por erros no processo de repicagem é irreversível e difícil de detectar em mudas produzidas em embalagens no momento do plantio no campo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do RD nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento, alocação de biomassa e nutrição mineral de mudas de G. americana na fase de recuperação após o alagamento do solo. Mudas com quatro meses de idade, com e sem RD, foram alagadas por 42 dias e a sua recuperação foi avaliada 28 dias após a drenagem do solo. Não houve interação significativa entre RD e alagamento do solo nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento e nutrição mineral após a drenagem, com exceção das concentrações de P foliar. Em plantas sem RD, a concentração de P nas folhas de plantas não alagadas foi significativamente maior que a das plantas com RD. O alagamento do solo e a RD não influenciaram as concentrações de N nas folhas e raízes, e no conteúdo de N na planta inteira. A RD aumentou a concentração de K nas raízes, mas não nas folhas. Alterações nas concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e raízes indicam que a RD pode afetar o desempenho fisiológico das mudas após o plantio no campo.

Development of the prickly pear cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. (Cactaceae) in vitro in response to the replacement of potassium nitrate for a commercial kno 3 fertilizer / Desenvolvimento da palma Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. (Cactaceae) in vitro em resposta à substituição de nitrato de potássio (P.A.) por fertilizante comercial KNO 3

ABSTRACT: In micropropagation, potassium nitrate (KNO3), an ACS reagent grade chemical, used in the preparation of growing mediums is expensive and its procurement depends on bureaucratic procedures, as it is controlled by the Brazilian Army. This research to assessed the effect of replacing the ACS KNO3 for a commercially available fertilizer (KNO3- based) on the micropropagation of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cv. Elephant Ear. Treatments used six different fertilizer concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 g L-1) and a control consisting of 1.9 g L-1 KNO3, as shown in the MS salts. The survival, size and number of sprouts and the value of fresh biomass were evaluated. After seedling acclimation, we assessed the survival, number of sprouts, length, and number of roots, racket formation, average fresh biomass mass, macronutrient absorption and morphological changes of the seedlings. Explants inoculated with fertilizers at concentrations of 0.0; 2.0 and 2.5 g L-¹ did not grow. The response of explants at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.5 g L-1 of the fertilizer were the same as those developed in a KNO3 medium, and at a concentration of 1.0 g L-1, in all variables, the means were higher than those of the control medium. Therefore, it showed the feasibility of using fertilizers in the in vitro cultivation of the prickly pear cactus, which may remove bureaucratic barriers and reduce product costs by 99.12%.

RESUMO: Na micropropagação, o nitrato de potássio (KNO3), reagente puro para análise (P.A.), utilizado no preparo dos meios de cultura, possui custo elevado e a sua aquisição depende de trâmites burocráticos, por se tratar de substância controlada pelo Exército Brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do KNO3 P.A. por fertilizante comercial (com fonte de KNO3), encontrado livremente no comércio, na micropropagação de palma (Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cv Orelha de Elefante. Os tratamentos foram de seis concentrações do fertilizante (0; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2 e 2,5 g L-1) e um controle constituído de 1,9 g L-1 de reagente KNO3, conforme mostrado nos sais MS. Avaliou-se a sobrevivência, tamanho e número de brotações do explante, e o valor da biomassa fresca. Após a aclimatização das mudas avaliou-se a sobrevivência, número de brotações, comprimento da parte aérea, número de raízes, formação da raquete, massa média da biomassa fresca, absorção de macronutrientes e alterações morfológicas das mudas. Os explantes inoculados em meio com fertilizantes nas concentrações de 0,0; 2,0 e 2,5 g L-¹ não se desenvolveram. A resposta dos explantes nas concentrações de 0,5 e 1,5 g L-1 do fertilizante foram iguais aos desenvolvidos em meio contendo KNO3, e na concentração de 1,0 g L-1, em todas as variáveis, as médias foram superiores em relação as do controle. Dessa forma, constatou-se a viabilidade do uso do fertilizante no cultivo in vitro da palma, o que propiciou a eliminação dos entraves burocráticos e redução no custo de 99,12% na compra do produto.

Duração do sono, ingestão de energia e macronutrientes em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica / Sleep duration, energy and macronutrient intake in individuals with Metabolic syndrome

Introdução: a duração do sono tem sido associada à síndrome metabólica e o principal mediador entre tais fatores parece ser a dieta, pois a ingestão de quilocalorias e macronutrientes pode variar conforme as horas dormidas. Objetivo: avaliar se existe associação entre duração do sono e o consumo de energia e de macronutrientes em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, transversal, com dados secundários de prontuários de pacientes adultos, atendidos entre os anos de 013-2020. A duração do sono foi categorizada em: curta para ≤6 horas por noite; adequada para 7-8 horas por noite; e longa para ≥9 horas por noite; já os dados dietéticos foram obtidos por meio da aplicação e cálculo de recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Após ajustes para idade e sexo, as variáveis foram avaliadas por meio do teste Qui-Quadrado, sendo considerados significativos valores de p< 0,05. Resultados: das 375 pessoas avaliadas, quase metade relatou uma curta duração de sono; entretanto, não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre a duração do sono e o consumo calórico (p=0,957), de carboidratos (p=0,975), proteínas (p=0,865) e lipídios (p=0,382). Discussão: a maior prevalência encontrada de curta duração do sono pode estar associada a algumas características sociodemográficas da população estudada, como o sexo feminino, o sedentarismo, o aumento da idade, a baixa renda e a ocupação ativa no mercado de trabalho. Conclusão: indivíduos com síndrome metabólica parecem ter menor tempo de sono, contudo, a associação do sono com o consumo alimentar ainda requer maiores investigações.

Introduction: Sleep duration has been associated with metabolic syndrome and the main mediator between these factors seems to be diet, as the ingestion of kilocalories and macronutrients can vary according to the hours of sleep. Objective: to assess whether there is an association between sleep duration and energy and macronutrient intake in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Methods: this is a retrospective, cross-sectional study, with secondary data from medical records of adult patients, treated between the years 2013- 2020. Sleep duration was categorized into: short for ≤6 hours per night; suitable for 7-8 hours per night; and long for ≥9 hours per night; dietary data were obtained through the application and calculation of 24-hour dietary recalls. After adjustments for age and sex, the variables were evaluated using the Chi-Square test, with values p<0.05 being considered significant. Results: of the 375 people surveyed, nearly half reported a short sleep duration; however, no statistically significant associations were found between sleep duration and caloric intake (p=0.957), carbohydrates (p=0.975), proteins (p=0.865) and lipids (p=0.382). Discussion: the higher prevalence of short sleep duration found may be associated with some sociodemographic characteristics of the studied population, such as female gender, sedentary lifestyle, increasing age, low income and active occupation in the labor market. Conclusion: Individuals with metabolic syndrome seem to have less sleep time; however, the association of sleep with food consumption still requires further investigation.

Riesgos nutricionales en lactantes que no reciben lactancia materna exclusiva en los primeros seis meses de la vida / Nutritional risks among not exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life

La leche humana es el alimento ideal para los lactantes y sus beneficios se manifiestan en el corto y el largo plazo. En situaciones de crisis es cuando más se debe enfatizar en la lactancia materna, considerada una de las intervenciones más costo-efectivas para reducir la morbimortalidad infantil. Más allá de las múltiples ventajas que la leche humana tiene en relación con el vínculo madre-hijo y las capacidades biológicas e inmunológicas, lo más importante es que la leche materna cubre todas las necesidades nutricionales. Cuando la lactancia materna no es posible, la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda, como primera opción, las fórmulas infantiles. La segunda opción es leche de vaca (LV) diluida, que conlleva riesgos de deficiencias nutricionales en el lactante que deben ser monitoreadas en forma estrecha y oportunamente subsanadas. Los principales riesgos de deficiencias en el lactante que recibe LV diluida son las de hierro, cinc, vitaminas A, D, C y E, aminoácidos y ácidos grasos esenciales

Breast milk is the ideal food for infants and its benefits can be observed in the short and long term. In crisis situations, breastfeeding should be promoted the most because it is one of the most cost-effective interventions aimed at reducing infant morbidity and mortality. In addition to the multiple advantages of breast milk in the mother-child bond and biological and immune properties, the most relevant characteristic of breast milk is that it covers all nutritional needs. When breastfeeding is not possible, the World Health Organization recommends infant formula as the first option. The second option is diluted cow's milk, which entails the risk for nutritional deficiency that should be strictly monitored and timely resolved. When infants are fed with diluted cow's milk, they are mainly at risk for iron, zinc, vitamin A, D, C, and E, amino acid, and essential fatty acid deficiency.

Weight regain in association with macronutrient diet composition and quality of life in women at least 5 years after bariatric surgery

ABSTRACT Bariatric surgery has been shown to be the best alternative for the control of severe obesity, with improvements in patient quality of life. However, regaining weight due to inadequate nutrition can compromise surgery results. Objective: to investigate the relationship between weight gain and food consumption and quality of life among women at least 5 years after gastric bypass procedure. Methods: Seventy-three women who had bariatric surgery >= 5 years prior were evaluated for food consumption on 3 non-consecutive days and quality of life according to the dimensions of the BAROS tool. Results: Twenty two (29.7%) regained at least 10% of their weight. The group of women with stable weight loss had significantly lower carbohydrate consumption and showed no difference in energy consumption. Self-esteem and willingness to work also had a better score in this group, which contributed to a better quality of life score. Conclusion: From a weight regain below 10% after 5 years of bariatric surgery, the perception of quality of life among women changes. There are reasons for further studies on the effects of the proportion of macronutrients on dietary energy after bariatric surgery, including variations in the surgical technique and metabolic and anatomical variables.

RESUMEN La cirugía bariátrica ha mostrado ser una de las mejores alternativas para el control de la obesidad, aportando a la mejoría en la calidad de vida del paciente. Sin embargo, recuperar peso debido a una nutrición inadecuada puede comprometer los resultados de la cirugía. Objetivo: investigar la relación entre el aumento de peso y el consumo de alimentos y la calidad de vida en mujeres al menos 5 años después del procedimiento de bypass gástrico. Métodos: 73 mujeres con al menos 5 años de cirugía bariátrica fueron evaluadas para el consumo de alimentos durante 3 días no consecutivos y la calidad de vida, según las dimensiones de la herramienta BAROS. Resultados: 22 mujeres (29,7%) recuperaron al menos el 10% de su peso. El grupo de mujeres con pérdida de peso estable tuvo un consumo de carbohidratos significativamente menor y no mostró diferencias en el consumo de energía. La autoestima y la voluntad de trabajar también tuvieron un mejor puntaje en este grupo, lo que contribuyó a un mejor puntaje de calidad de vida. Conclusión: a partir de una recuperación de peso por debajo del 10% después de 5 años de cirugía bariátrica, la percepción de la calidad de vida entre las mujeres cambia y existen razones para más estudios sobre los efectos de la proporción de macronutrientes sobre la energía alimentaria después de la cirugía bariátrica, con potencial influencia de variaciones en la técnica quirúrgica.

[Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI): updated findings and initial conclusions]. / Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española (EsNuPI): actualización de hallazgos y primeras conclusiones.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: eating habits and lifestyles during early childhood are important due to their association with chronic diseases in adulthood. Objectives: to evaluate energy and nutrient intake, main food sources, and dietary patterns in the EsNuPI study participants. Methods: a sociodemographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, two 24 h recalls, and a physical activity questionnaire were used in two cohorts of Spanish children aged 1 to < 10 years, who were non-vegans living in municipalities > 50,000 inhabitants - one representative cohort of consumers of all types of milks (SRS = 707) and one other cohort consuming adapted milks (AMS = 741). Results: 84.7 % in SRS and 83.5 % in AMS showed a plausible, adequate energy (EI) (1503 and 1404 kcal/day, respectively). The percentage of children with protein intake > 20 % of EI was 12 % for SRS, and 6 % for AMS. Both cohorts exceeded the recommendations for total fat (36.5 % in SRS, 35.9 % in AMS) and saturated fat (13.1 % vs 12.1 %, respectively); DHA intake was significantly lower in SRS (20 mg vs 90 mg). Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in SRS, although both cohorts did not meet the recommendation. When analyzing dietary patterns, one of palatable energy-dense foods and two of Mediterranean type were highlighted. Conclusions: it is recommended that consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein be reduced, but calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium intakes should be increased, especially in children > 4 years. These findings are important for designing interventions in the Spanish child population. The findings of the EsNuPI study provide useful information for the design and promotion of appropriate interventions for Spanish children.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los hábitos de alimentación y los estilos de vida durante las primeras etapas de la infancia son importantes por su asociación a enfermedades crónicas durante la vida adulta. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de energía, el aporte de nutrientes, las principales fuentes alimentarias y los patrones dietéticos de los participantes en el estudio EsNuPI. Métodos: se utilizaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, dos recuerdos de 24 h y un cuestionario de actividad física en dos cohortes de niños españoles de 1 a < 10 años, no veganos, residentes en municipios > 50.000 habitantes: una representativa de los consumidores de todo tipo de leches (SRS = 707) y otra consumidora de leches adaptadas (AMS = 741). Resultados: el 84,7 % de la cohorte SRS y el 83,5 % de la AMS mostraron una ingesta energética (IE) plausible y adecuada (1503 y 1404 kcal/día, respectivamente) en ambas cohortes. El porcentaje de niños con ingesta proteica > 20 % de la IE fue del 12 % en la SRS y el 6 % en la AMS. Ambas cohortes sobrepasaron las recomendaciones de grasa total (36,5 % en la SRS; 35,9 % en la AMS) y de grasas saturadas (13,1 % vs. 12,1 %, respectivamente); la ingesta de DHA fue significativamente menor en la SRS (20 mg/d vs. 90 mg/d). La ingesta de vitamina D fue significativamente menor en la SRS, aunque ambas cohortes no alcanzaron las recomendaciones de los organismos internacionales. Al analizar los patrones alimentarios, destacan uno de alimentos apetitosos e hipercalóricos y dos de tipo mediterráneo. Conclusiones: es recomendable reducir la ingesta de grasas saturadas y proteínas, e incrementar la de calcio, vitamina D y magnesio, esto último especialmente en los niños > 4 años. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el diseño de intervenciones en la población infantil española.

Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española (EsNuPI): actualización de hallazgos y primeras conclusiones / Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI): updated findings and initial conclusions

Introducción: los hábitos de alimentación y los estilos de vida durante las primeras etapas de la infancia son importantes por su asociación a enfermedades crónicas durante la vida adulta. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de energía, el aporte de nutrientes, las principales fuentes alimentarias y los patrones dietéticos de los participantes en el estudio EsNuPI. Métodos: se utilizaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, dos recuerdos de 24 h y un cuestionario de actividad física en dos cohortes de niños españoles de 1 a < 10 años, no veganos, residentes en municipios > 50.000 habitantes: una representativa de los consumidores de todo tipo de leches (SRS = 707) y otra consumidora de leches adaptadas (AMS = 741). Resultados: el 84,7 % de la cohorte SRS y el 83,5 % de la AMS mostraron una ingesta energética (IE) plausible y adecuada (1503 y 1404 kcal/día, respectivamente) en ambas cohortes. El porcentaje de niños con ingesta proteica > 20 % de la IE fue del 12 % en la SRS y el 6 % en la AMS. Ambas cohortes sobrepasaron las recomendaciones de grasa total (36,5 % en la SRS; 35,9 % en la AMS) y de grasas saturadas (13,1 % vs. 12,1 %, respectivamente); la ingesta de DHA fue significativamente menor en la SRS (20 mg/d vs. 90 mg/d). La ingesta de vitamina D fue significativamente menor en la SRS, aunque ambas cohortes no alcanzaron las recomendaciones de los organismos internacionales. Al analizar los patrones alimentarios, destacan uno de alimentos apetitosos e hipercalóricos y dos de tipo mediterráneo. Conclusiones: es recomendable reducir la ingesta de grasas saturadas y proteínas, e incrementar la de calcio, vitamina D y magnesio, esto último especialmente en los niños > 4 años. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el diseño de intervenciones en la población infantil española. (AU)

Introduction: eating habits and lifestyles during early childhood are important due to their association with chronic diseases in adulthood. Objectives: to evaluate energy and nutrient intake, main food sources, and dietary patterns in the EsNuPI study participants. Methods: a sociodemographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, two 24 h recalls, and a physical activity questionnaire were used in two cohorts of Spanish children aged 1 to < 10 years, who were non-vegans living in municipalities > 50,000 inhabitants - one representative cohort of consumers of all types of milks (SRS = 707) and one other cohort consuming adapted milks (AMS = 741). Results: 84.7 % in SRS and 83.5 % in AMS showed a plausible, adequate energy (EI) (1503 and 1404 kcal/day, respectively). The percentage of children with protein intake > 20 % of EI was 12 % for SRS, and 6 % for AMS. Both cohorts exceeded the recommendations for total fat (36.5 % in SRS, 35.9 % in AMS) and saturated fat (13.1 % vs 12.1 %, respectively); DHA intake was significantly lower in SRS (20 mg vs 90 mg). Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in SRS, although both cohorts did not meet the recommendation. When analyzing dietary patterns, one of palatable energy-dense foods and two of Mediterranean type were highlighted. Conclusions: it is recommended that consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein be reduced, but calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium intakes should be increased, especially in children > 4 years. These findings are important for designing interventions in the Spanish child population. The findings of the EsNuPI study provide useful information for the design and promotion of appropriate interventions for Spanish children. (AU)

Macronutrients of mothers milk of very low birth weight infants: analysis according to gestational age and maternal variables / Macronutrientes do leite materno de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso: análise segundo idade gestacional e variáveis maternas

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the composition of macronutrients present in the milk of mothers of preterm newborn infants (PTNB) - protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calories - by gestational age (GA), chronological age (CA) and maternal variables. Methods: Longitudinal study that analyzed 215 milk samples from the 51 mothers of PTNB admitted in three Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Rio de Janeiro from May/2013-January/2014. Milk collection was performed by pickup pump, on a fixed day of each week until discharge. The spectrophotometric technique with Infrared Analysis (MilkoScan Minor 104) was used for the quantitative analysis. A sample of 7 mL of human milk was taken from the total volume of milk extracted by the mother. The data was grouped by GA (25-27, 28-31, 32-36, 37-40 weeks) and by CA (zero to 4, 5-8, 9-12, 13-16 weeks). Results: Protein, carbohydrate, fat and calories did not show any pattern of change, with no difference among groups of GA. When the macronutrients were analyzed by groups of CA, protein decreased, with significant difference between the first two groups of CA. Carbohydrates, fat and calories presented increasing values in all groups, without significant differences. Weight gain during pregnancy, maternal hypertension and maternal age were associated with changes in fat and calories in the first moment of the analysis of milk. Conclusions: There was a significant decrease in the levels of protein during the first eight weeks after birth. CA may be an important factor in the composition of human milk.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a composição dos macronutrientes presentes no leite de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) - gorduras, carboidratos e calorias - por idade gestacional (IG), idade cronológica (IC) e variáveis maternos. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal para analisar 215 amostras de leite de 51 mães de RNPT admitidos em três unidades neonatais do Rio de Janeiro de maio/2013 a janeiro/2014. A coleta de leite foi realizada por bomba coletora, em dia fixo a cada semana até a alta. Utilizou-se a técnica espectrofotométrica com análise de infravermelho (MilkoScan Minor 104) para a análise quantitativa. Uma amostra de 7 mL de leite humano foi retirada do volume total de leite extraído pela mãe. Os dados foram agrupados por IG (25-27, 28-31, 32-36 e 37-40 semanas) e por IC (0-4, 5-8, 9-12 e 13-16 semanas). Resultados: Proteínas, carboidratos, gorduras e calorias não apresentaram nenhum padrão de mudança, não havendo diferença entre os grupos de IG. Quando os macronutrientes foram analisados por grupos de IC, a proteína diminuiu, com diferença significante entre os dois primeiros grupos de IC. Carboidratos, gorduras e calorias apresentaram valores crescentes em todos os grupos, sem diferença estatística. O ganho de peso durante a gestação, a presença de hipertensão arterial e a idade materna foram associados a alterações de gordura e calorias no primeiro momento da análise do leite. Conclusões: Observou-se redução estatisticamente significante nos níveis de proteína durante as primeiras oito semanas após o nascimento. A IC pode ser um fator importante na composição do leite humano.

Aporte de energía, macronutrientes y fibra de alimentos farináceos libres de gluten elaborados a partir de premezclas comerciales / Energy, macronutrients and fiber contribution of gluten free farinaceous products produced from commercial premix

Resumen La dieta libre de gluten (DLG) es el único tratamiento frente a la enfermedad celíaca, la alergia al trigo y la sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca. Se reporta a la DLG como una dieta desbalanceada, escasa en fibra y alta en grasas y carbohidratos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el aporte de energía, de macronutrientes y de fibra de alimentos libres de gluten (bizcochuelos, panes estilo inglés, galletitas dulces y pizzas) elaborados a partir de diferentes premezclas comerciales, disponibles en el mercado local. Además, los resultados fueron comparados con un homólogo comercial elaborado con harina de trigo. Para la determinación de la composición centesimal se aplicó la metodología oficial AOAC 2016. El valor energético se calculó utilizando los factores de Atwater. Los resultados obtenidos para los bizcochuelos fueron: 6,0-8,3 g% de proteína; 9,2-11,3 g% de grasas; 1,5-2,3 g% de fibra dietaria; 40,0-53,1 g% de carbohidratos y 285-339 Kcal% de valor energético. Para los panes: 3,0-6,6 g% de proteína; 3,1-12,7 g% de grasas; 2,7-4,0 g% de fibra dietaria; 36,8-50,1 g% de carbohidratos y 217-290 Kcal% de valor energético. Para las galletitas: 3,5-8,5 g% de proteína; 25,9-31,0 g% de grasas; 0,9-5,9 g% de fibra dietaria; 53,9-60,1 g% de carbohidratos y 483-527 Kcal% de valor energético. Para las pizzas: 7,4-9,3 g% de proteína; 7,3-11,2 g% de grasas; 2,8-8,0 g% de fibra dietaria; 19,1-29,6 g% de carbohidratos y 172-240 Kcal% de valor energético. Los alimentos elaborados con premezclas formuladas únicamente con harina de arroz y féculas contribuyen poco a cubrir el valor diario recomendado de fibra. Los que contienen otras fuentes farináceas (harina de sorgo, trigo sarraceno y teff) reflejan un mayor contenido de fibra. La presencia de harina de arveja, soja y teff refleja un aumento del contenido proteico. Los alimentos estudiados frente a su homólogo comercial con harina de trigo presentan, en general, igual o menor aporte proteico, similar aporte energético y de carbohidratos y un mayor aporte de grasas y fibra dietaria.

Abstract The gluten free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity. GFD is reported as an unbalanced diet, low in fibre and high in fat and carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate energy, macronutrients and fiber contribution of gluten-free cereal products (pound cake, tin loaf, cookies and pizza) coming from different commercial premixes, available at the local market. Also, the results were compared with a commercial equivalent made with wheat flour. For centesimal composition determination, AOAC Official Method 2016 was applied. The energy was calculated using Atwater factors. The results obtained for pound cake were: 6.0-8.3g% protein; 9.2-11.3g% fat; 1.5-2.3g% dietary fibre; 40.0-53.1g% carbohydrate and 285-339Kcal% energy. For tin loaf: 3.0-6.6g% protein; 3.1-12.7% fat; 2.7-4.0g% dietary fibre; 36.8-50.1g% carbohydrate and 217-290Kcal% energy. For cookies: 3.5-8.5g% protein; 25.9-31.0g% fat; 0.9-5.9g% dietary fibre; 53.9-60.1g% carbohydrate and 483-527Kcal% energy. For pizza: 7.4-9.3g% protein; 7.3-11.2g% fat; 2.8-8.0g% dietary fibre; 19.1-29.6g% carbohydrate and 172-240Kcal% of energy. Products made with premix that only contains rice flour and starches contribute little to meeting recommended daily intake. The ones that contain other farinaceous sources (sorghum flour, buckwheat and teff) show higher dietary fibre content. The presence of pea flour, soybean and teff show an increase of protein content. The analysed products present same or lower protein intake, similar energy and carbohydrate intake and higher fat and dietary fibre intake, compared to their commercial equivalent made with wheat flour.

Do thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk? / As doenças da tireoide durante a gestação e lactação afetam a composição nutricional do leite humano?

Abstract Objective: To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. Methods: Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. Results: The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. Conclusion: It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar se os efeitos da doença da tireoide durante a gestação e lactação afetam a composição nutricional do leite humano. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura científica por meio das bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine a fim de avaliar a associação das doenças da tireoide na gestação e na lactação com a composição nutricional do leite humano. Não houve delimitação por período nem por idioma, e as buscas foram finalizadas em março de 2019. Foram aplicados os seguintes descritores: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, utilizando protocolo preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) para a busca, seleção e extração de dados. De acordo com o fluxograma proposto, a busca bibliográfica resultou em 12 artigos e, destes, quatro foram selecionados. Resultados: Os artigos elegidos para a presente revisão foram publicados entre 1976 e 2018. Dois estudos verificaram diferenças significativas na composição nutricional do leite de mães com hipotireoidismo ou excesso de peso em comparação ao grupo controle sem hipotireoidismo. Os estudos demonstraram que a presença da doença levava a modificações na composição nutricional do leite humano, principalmente em relação à maior concentração da gordura. Conclusão: É de extrema importância que essas mulheres tenham acompanhamento nutricional contínuo a fim de minimizar o impacto dessas morbidades sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano.

Prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals in the Mexican population correcting by nutrient retention factors, Ensanut 2016 / Prevalencia de consumo inadecuado de vitaminas y minerales en población mexicana, corrigiendo por factores de retención de nutrimentos, Ensanut 2016

Abstract Objective: To estimate the usual intake and the prevalence of inadequacy of selected nutrients in the Mexican population and the potential effect that the nutrient retention factors (NRF) could have on these estimates. Likewise, document the methodology used in the analysis of the 24 hours of the mid-way National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Materials and methods: Dietary information from the Ensanut MC 2016 was analyzed with and without the use of NRFs. Results: Most nutrients evaluated showed a relevant inadequacy prevalence above 10% in all age groups. Likewise, we documented that, when NRFs were not applied, estimated intakes and prevalence were significantly underestimated in a range of 2% to 55.5%. Conclusions: We documented the relevance of the application of NRFs for adequate estimation of the prevalence of inadequate intake of selected nutrients in population studies.

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la ingesta habitual y la prevalencia de inadecuación de nutrimentos selectos en la población mexicana y el efecto potencial de los factores de retención de nutrimentos (FRN). Asimismo, describir la metodología utilizada en el procesamiento del recordatorio de 24 horas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Material y métodos: Se analizó la información dietética de Ensanut MC 2016 con y sin utilización de FRN. Resultados: En los nutrimentos evaluados, las prevalencias de inadecuación fueron superiores al 10% en todos los grupos de estudio. La no consideración de los FRN causó la subestimación en las prevalencias de inadecuación en un rango de 2% a 55.5%. Conclusión: Se documenta la relevancia de la aplicación de FRN para la adecuada estimación de las prevalencias de inadecuación en estudios poblacionales.

La dieta libre de gluten, ¿se diferencia de la alimentación general?: Estudio comparativo entre niños celíacos y no celíacos / Does the Gluten Free Diet differ from the general diet?: Comparative study between celiac and non-celiac children

Introducción: la enfermedad celíaca (EC) es una patología multisistémica, precipitada por la ingesta de gluten que requiere de la eliminación de por vida de los alimentos que lo contienen con el fin de mejorar la sintomatología. Sin embargo, esta supresión alimentaria podría alejar a quienes la padecen de los requerimientos nutricionales recomendados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la ingesta promedio de macronutrientes en los/as niños/as celíacos/as con dieta libre de gluten (DLG) y compararla con la alimentación de niños/as no celíacos/as. Materiales y método: el estudio se llevó a cabo en población celíaca y no celíaca (grupo control) de 6 a 11 años de ambos géneros. En ella se realizó la evaluación del consumo alimentario a través de dos recordatorios de 24 hs. Se utilizó como análisis estadístico la prueba Bayesiana de Estimación de una Diferencia de Medias - Método Exacto. Resultados: se estudiaron 40 celíacos y 40 no celíacos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el nivel socioeconómico, ni en el estado nutricional. Se observó que la mayoría de los celíacos sobrepasaron las recomendaciones de hidratos de carbono y proteínas, al igual que el grupo control. Conclusión: la DLG realizada por los niños de 6 a 11 años presenta un mayor y excesivo consumo de hidratos de carbono y grasas en comparación con las IDR.

Introduction: Celiac Disease (CD) is a multisystem pathology, caused by gluten intake, and requires the elimination of gluten food for life to improve symptoms. However, this dietary suppression could keep celiac away from the recommended nutritional requirements. The objective of the present study was to know the average intake of macronutrients in celiac children with a gluten-free diet (DLG) and compare it with the diet of non-celiac children. Materials and Methods: the study was carried out in celiac and non- celiac population (control group) of 6 to 11 years old, of both genders. In it, the evaluation of food consumption was made through two 24-hour reminders. The Bayesian test of Estimation of Difference of Means - Exact Method was used as statistical analysis. Results: 40 celiac and 40 non-celiac were studied. There were no significant differences in socioeconomic status or nutritional status. It was observed that the majority of celiacs exceeded carbohydrate and protein recommendations, as did the control group. Conclusion: the GFD performed by celiac children aged 6 to 11 years old presents a grater and excessive consumption of carbohydrates and fats compared to RDI.

Morbidades maternas modificam a composição nutricional do leite humano? uma revisão sistemática / Do maternal morbidities change the nutritional composition of human milk? A systematic review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os efeitos das morbidades maternas sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano. Revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando protocolo PRISMA para a busca, seleção e extração de dados. De acordo com o fluxograma proposto a busca bibliográfica resultou em 1.582 artigos e, destes, 14 foram selecionados. Os artigos elegidos para a presente revisão foram publicados entre 1987 e 2016. Nove estudos verificaram diferenças significativas na composição nutricional do leite de mães com diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial ou excesso de peso em comparação ao grupo controle. A maioria dos estudos demonstrou que a presença de doenças crônicas acarreta modificações na composição nutricional do leite humano. Os principais resultados evidenciaram menor concentração de lactose e gordura no leite de mulheres com diabetes mellitus. Quanto a hipertensão, foi verificado níveis mais elevados de proteína total no colostro e no leite maduro. Para o excesso de peso, foi observado maior teor de gordura e energia. É de extrema importância que essas mulheres tenham acompanhamento nutricional contínuo a fim de minimizar o impacto dessas morbidades sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano.

Abstract This paper aims to identify the effects of maternal morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk. This systematic review of the literature employed a PRISMA's protocol for searching, selecting, and extracting data. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 1,582 papers, of which 14 were selected for this work. The papers selected for this review were published between 1987 and 2016. Nine studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of the milk of mothers with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, or overweight compared to the control group. Most studies have shown that the presence of chronic diseases leads to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk. The main results showed a lower concentration of lactose and fat in the milk of women with diabetes mellitus. Concerning hypertension, higher levels of total protein were found in colostrum and mature milk. A higher fat and energy content was observed in overweight mothers. It is imperative that these women have continuous nutritional monitoring to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of breast milk.